Understanding ADHD: A Quick Guide

Discover tips, treatment options, and support strategies from the Finding Focus Care Team

Last Update: January 15, 2025 | Estimated Read Time: 3 min

What is ADHD?

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by persistent patterns of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Individuals with ADHD often struggle with maintaining attention on tasks, following instructions, and completing work efficiently. While ADHD can present challenges, it is also associated with strengths such as creativity, high energy, and the ability to think outside the box.​

A Brief History of ADHD

ADHD has been recognized for over a century. In the early 1900s, British pediatrician Sir George Still described children exhibiting impulsive behavior and lack of self-control, which he termed a "defect of moral control." Over time, our understanding of ADHD has evolved, recognizing it as a legitimate neurobiological disorder. By the 1980s, the term "Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder" was adopted, and it is now understood as a condition with both genetic and environmental influences (Zayats & Neale, 2020).​

Types of ADHD

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5), ADHD is categorized into three types

• Inattentive Type: Characterized by difficulties in sustaining attention, organizing tasks, and following through on instructions.​
  
  
• Hyperactive-Impulsive Type: Marked by excessive fidgeting, restlessness, and impulsive actions without considering consequences.​
  
  
• Combined Type: A combination of inattentive and hyperactive-impulsive symptoms.​
  
  

For a diagnosis, symptoms must be present in multiple settings (e.g., home and school) and have manifested before the age of 12 (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).​

What’s Happening in the Brain?

Neuroimaging studies have revealed that individuals with ADHD often exhibit differences in brain structure and function, particularly in regions associated with attention and executive functioning, such as the prefrontal cortex. These differences include reduced brain volume and altered connectivity patterns (Konrad & Eickhoff, 2010). Additionally, neurotransmitter systems, especially those involving dopamine and norepinephrine, play a crucial role in ADHD symptomatology. Imbalances in these chemicals can affect attention regulation and impulse control (Hayman & Fernandez, 2018).​

Is ADHD Genetic?

Genetic factors significantly contribute to the development of ADHD. Studies estimate that the heritability of ADHD is approximately 70–80%, indicating a strong genetic component (Zayats & Neale, 2020). Specific genes related to dopamine regulation have been implicated in ADHD, suggesting that genetic variations can influence neurotransmitter pathways involved in attention and behavior (Hayman & Fernandez, 2018).

Who Has ADHD?

ADHD is a common condition affecting both children and adults. Globally, it is estimated that about 5-7% of children and 2.5-4% of adults have ADHD (Zayats & Neale, 2020). While boys are more frequently diagnosed during childhood, many girls and adults remain undiagnosed due to differences in symptom presentation and societal perceptions. In adults, symptoms may manifest as difficulties with organization, time management, and maintaining focus, often leading to challenges in occupational and social settings (Konrad & Eickhoff, 2010).​

Tips for Managing ADHD

• Break Tasks Into Small Steps: Dividing large tasks into manageable parts can reduce feelings of being overwhelmed.​
  
  
• Use Reminders: Setting alarms or using organizational apps can help keep track of responsibilities and deadlines.​
  
  
• Create a Routine: Establishing consistent daily habits can aid in managing time and reducing stress.​
  
  
• Practice Mindfulness: Mindfulness techniques, such as meditation, can improve focus and emotional regulation.​
  
  
• Exercise Regularly: Physical activity has been shown to enhance cognitive function and reduce ADHD symptoms.​
  
  
• Seek Professional Support: Therapies, coaching, and medications can be effective in managing ADHD symptoms.​
  
  

ADHD Around the World

Cultural perceptions of ADHD vary globally. In some societies, ADHD is well-recognized and treated, while in others, it may be misunderstood or stigmatized. These cultural differences can influence diagnosis rates and the availability of support services (Zayats & Neale, 2020).​

Why It Matters

Understanding ADHD as a neurobiological condition helps in reducing stigma and promoting effective interventions. With appropriate support and resources, individuals with ADHD can lead fulfilling lives, leveraging their unique strengths. At Finding Focus, we are dedicated to providing personalized care and resources to support individuals with ADHD.​

Finding Focus Care Team

We are a group of nurse practitioners, continuous care specialists, creators, and writers, all committed to excellence in patient care and expertise in ADHD. We share content that illuminates aspects of ADHD and broader health care topics. Each article is medically verified and approved by the Finding Focus Care Team. You can contact us at Finding Focus Support if you have any questions!​

References

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). American Psychiatric Publishing. Link  

Hayman, V., & Fernandez, T. V. (2018). Genetic insights into ADHD biology. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 9, 251. Link  

Konrad, K., & Eickhoff, S. B. (2010). Is the ADHD brain wired differently? A review on structural and functional connectivity in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Human Brain Mapping, 31(6), 904–916. Link  

Zayats, T., & Neale, B. M. (2020). Recent advances in understanding of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): How genetics are shaping our conceptualization of this disorder. Link